第二讲 英语的标点符号、大小写和缩写词
一、复习建议
标点是句子不可或缺少的一个部分。正确地使用标点符号,不仅是句子或段落有可读性的前提,而且还可以使句意清晰、流畅。本讲是考试必考的内容,在历年考试中主要是 以标点符号的改错形式出现,在考试中占10%,同时对于学生在应用文写作过程中也占有举足轻重的作用。所以建议学生将本章列为重点复习章节,多加练习。
二、本章重点知识点
各标点符号的用法
三、知识点讲解
1、句号(Period)
①一个陈述句或命令句的末尾;
The personnel office is on the third floor.
人事办公室在三楼。
【例题?改错题】Mr. Scott paid his license fees before the due date
【答案】date.
【解析】句号用于一个陈述句或命令句的末尾
【例题?改错题】I don’t know where Mr. Lacey is?
【答案】is.
【解析】句号用于一个陈述句或命令句的末尾
【例题?改错题】“Are you sure you have finished?” she asked?
【答案】asked.
【解析】句号用于一个陈述句或命令句的末尾
②某些缩写词后;Mr., Mrs., Dr., Ph.D., F.O.B.
③语气温和的祈使句或客气的问句之后;
Will you please return this copy as soon as possible?
请您尽快将这个副本还回来可以吗?
④用作小数点;
5.27,96.5%
注意:句号不可用于直接问句或感叹句。
2、问号(Question Mark)
问号一般用在直接疑问句的后面。有时语气婉转的祈使句后面也用问号:
Should I bring in letters of recommendation?
我应该把推荐信拿来吗?
Open a window, would you?
请打开窗好吗?
3、感叹号(Exclamation Mark)
感叹号一般用在感叹词或感叹句的后面,用于加强语气、命令或提起注意,有时也可以表示赞美、大怒、惊讶、嘲讽或玩笑等强烈感情。
What wonderful news! 多么好的消息啊!
You are a fine one to talk about lazy people! 说起懒人,你最合适不过了!
4、逗号(Comma)
简单来说,逗号是用在句子中表示短暂停顿的一个标点符号。标点符号中除了句尾使用的句号、问号和感叹号之外,逗号是使用最频繁的一个。它的用途除了表示短暂停顿之外还有很多。在商务英语写作中,我们对它的用法尤其应加以注意。
①逗号可以用来分隔句子中并列的成分,包括并列的主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。
We are tired, hungry, and disconsolate.
我们又累又饿,显得很憔悴。
You must be, or have been hungry.
你一定是饿了,或者一直就饿着。
Thus can be, and should be, corrected.
这一点可以也应该得到纠正。
②在一个并列句中,用逗号分隔两个分句。
We must leave now, or we will miss the plane.
我们现在必须得走了,否则我们就赶不上飞机了。
注意,如果两个句子很短,并且有and, nor或or连接,就可以省去逗号。
The weather was warm and the sky was clear.
天气温暖,天空晴朗。
但是由but, for或yet连接的句子则要用逗号分开,以便加强对比的思想。
The weather was good, yet the plane arrived two hours late.
天气尽管很好,可是飞机还是晚点了两个小时。
【例题?改错题6】Stallions yield the highest prices; but mares can also be extremely expensive.
【答案】prices,
【解析】在一个并列句中,用逗号分隔两个分句。
【例题?改错题7】Knowing that you would need the goods now we immediately shipped them to you.
【答案】now,
【解析】在一个并列句中,用逗号分隔两个分句。
③逗号用来分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语。
The accountant, Mr. Smith, delivered a long presentation.
会计师普莱斯先生作了一个长篇报告。
They want us, you and me, go there.
他们想让我们去那儿,就你和我。
I have to get up early, particularly on sunday.
我必须得早起,特别是在星期日。
【例题?改错题8】The financial report however, is not complete.
【答案】report,
【解析】逗号用来分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语。
④逗号用于分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句。
Tom didn't like it, did he?
汤姆不喜欢它,不是吗?
Which pencil do you prefer, the red one or the blue one?
你喜欢哪一支铅笔呢,红的还是蓝的?
⑤逗号有时也被用来表示省略相同词语。
Someone went to the right;Others, to the left.
一些人走到右边,其余的走到了左边。
⑥逗号用于分隔句首的状语或从句。
Except for physics, my courses are not difficult.
除了物理之外,我的课程都不难。
Because he has worked late every day this week, he is determined to finish early on Friday.
After the introductory remarks and the rather drawn-out background summary, the presentation flowed quite well.
⑦逗号用以分隔日期、数字、地点。
It was on Friday, May 16, 1997 in Los Angeles, California.
故事发生在1997年5月16日的星期五,加利福尼亚州的洛杉矶。
注意:表示日期时,若只说年月,则月份后面不用逗号。例如:
China exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964
中国于1964年10月爆炸了第一颗原子弹。
⑧逗号用以分隔用作独立成分或状语等的下列词语
Actually, basically, briefly, fortunately, honestly, hopefully, personally等
比如:Honestly, that's all the money I have.
说实话,我就这点儿钱了。
Personally, I prefer the other one.
要我说,我喜欢另外那个。
连接性副词:consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore; firstly, secondly, first of all, after all, in other words, for example, for instance等。
例如:Firstly, let me deal with the most important problem.
首先,我来解决最重要的问题。
In short, in fact, in conclusion, as a result, on the contrary, on the other hand
I don't like him; in fact, I hate him.
我不喜欢他,事实上,我恨他。